Tag: past tense

Hindi Two-Hour Fix : I Faced Down Ergativity!

Leave a comment

You may know that I have a long-running project creating verb drill apps in lots of languages. Well, I’ve been putting off adding Hindi to VerbBlitz for years (honestly!). Not for anything you might consider ‘the hard bit’ – the transliteration of Devanagari, for example (actually really straightforward). It was because of one specific quirk that I’d built up in my head into a real hurdle: the ergativity switch in the perfective aspect.

It’s horrible linguistic jargon, ergativity, and it takes a bit of mental gym to get your head round it if you learnt about ‘subjects’ and ‘objects’ in your native language(s) in school. In a nominative-accusative (subject-object) language, like English for example, the subject gets treated the same way whether the verb is intransitive (“she left”) or transitive (“she ate the bread”). The object is the odd one out, marked or positioned differently.

An ergative-absolutive system splits things up differently. The subject of an intransitive verb – one that doesn’t take an object – is treated like the object of a transitive one – it’s ‘absolved’ of action, so it’s termed the absolutive. Meanwhile, a transitive subject gets a special marker all its own – the ergative case. If you’re wondering, that jargony label comes from Greek for worker – as it’s all about who’s doing the ‘work’ of the verb.

The Pattern in Hindi

Hindi is an Indo-European language like English, and like English, patterns like an accusative-nominative language almost everywhere. The language only switches into an ergative system in one place: transitive verbs, perfective aspect. Everywhere else, it runs on the ordinary subject-agreeing pattern, which is exactly what makes the switch feel so jarring the first time you meet it.

Take the verb khaanaa, “to eat.” In the ordinary habitual present, it behaves like you’d expect from basically any language: the verb agrees with the subject.

main roti khaataa huun — “I eat roti”
(khaataa is masculine, agreeing with main, “I”)

Now switch to the perfective — simple past, “I ate”:

maine roti khaayi — “I ate roti”

(khaayi is feminine, agreeing with roti)

Two things happen at once. First, the subject main takes an extra marker and becomes maine, so being marked as the ergative ‘worker’. Second – and this is the bit that trips people up – the verbal participle khaayi is no longer agreeing with the subject at all. It’s agreeing with roti, the object, which is feminine. Swap in a masculine object and the participle changes with it, not with you.

That’s the whole switch. Transitive verb, perfective aspect, subject gets marked with ne, and the verb hands its agreement over to the object instead.

Why it’s not actually scary

Once you see it named and isolated like that, it stops being a monster under the bed. It’s genuinely just: this one aspect, with transitive verbs, agreement moves from subject to object. Everything else about Hindi verb conjugation carries on exactly as you’d expect as a card-carrying, stock Indo-European language.

There’s also a nice way to hold it in your head if you’ve studied any Indo-European languages with a passive voice: this construction is generally thought to have started life as a passive (“by me, roti was eaten”) that then got reanalysed as an active perfective over time. Once the marker ne clicked into place as “the person who did it,” the participle just never stopped agreeing with the thing that was, historically, its grammatical subject – the object. You don’t need the history to use the pattern, but it makes the logic click.

The lesson

None of this was brain-achingly hard to learn. What was hard was the story I’d told myself about it – that it was some sprawling, thorny irregularity that would derail the whole data model. It wasn’t. It was one clean rule, confined to one aspect, with one consistent trigger.

That’s usually how it goes with the “scary” bits of a language. The size of the thing in your head and the size of the thing on the page are very rarely the same. Give it the two hours it actually needs, and more often than not it turns out to be a paragraph, not a chapter.

A memory knot tied to a finger (image from freeimages.com). Greek passive verbs like 'remember' can be tricky to conjugate.

Greek passive verbs in the past – quick tricks

Leave a comment

I’m all for pattern-spotting and quick heuristics for faster fluency. If something will help me communicate faster, it’s a win in my book.

That’s why I was recently chuffed to add a special new trick to my Greek arsenal. Specifically, it relates to the past tense of passive verbs. Well, I say passive, but many Greek passives correspond to active forms in English, and are quite high frequency:

θυμάμαι thimáme I remember
κοιμάμαι kimáme I sleep
φοβάμαι fováme I fear

Passive Knowledge

Passive conjugation is very different from the active in Greek. You usually come across it quite late in Modern Greek textbooks, too, so it can be an issue for many beginner to intermediate students.

Thankfully, there’s a shortcut that works for many of them. Namely, -άμαι (-áme) often becomes -ήθηκα (-íthika) in the first person past tense. Strictly speaking, that past is actually the aorist, the tense that expresses a single, completed action in the past. So we have:

θυμήθηκα thimíthika I remembered
κοιμήθηκα kimíthika I slept
φοβήθηκα fovíkthika I feared

Of course, that’s not the whole picture. But that -ηκα (-ika) fragment appears almost everywhere in other passive conjugations, like a variation on a theme. With a few extra rules, like -ζομαι > -στηκα (-zome > –stika) and -εύομαι > -έυτικα (-évomai > –éftika), you can cover even more:

ονειρεύομαι onirévome I dream ονειρεύτηκα oniréftika I dreamt
εργάζομαι ergázome I work εργάστηκα ergástika I worked

Once you have those active rules down, it’s pretty easy to extend it to other common conversational forms like ‘you …’ – for that, simply replace -a with -es:

θυμήθηκες thimíthikes you remembered
εργάστηκες ergástikes you worked
κοιμήθηκες kimíthikes you slept

As a rule of thumb, it works quite well for speeding up conversation forms. And of course, if you misapply it, or use it on a verb that doesn’t fit the pattern, the person-and-tense markers of -ηκα/-ηκες are strong enough that (hopefully) you’ll still be understood. There’s no shame in mistakes when you’re learning – especially if they don’t get in the way of communication!

I’m a big fan of learning frequent forms over whole verb tables generally – it’s a trick that just works. Hopefully, with this handful of –ηκα and –ηκες, you’ll be set to speed up your own Greek conversations too!