Mapping out conversational probabilities - it's much easier with flowcharts.

Vocabulary Flowcharts : Preparing for Probabilities with ChatGPT

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The challenge in preparing for a speaking task in the wild is that you’re dealing with multiple permutations. You ask your carefully prepared question, and you get any one of a number of likely responses back. That, in turn, informs your next question or reply, and another one-of-many comebacks follows.

It’s probability roulette.

What if you could map all of these conversational pathways out, though? Flowcharts have long been the logician’s tool of choice for visualising processes that involve forking choices. Combined with generative AI’s penchant for assembling real-world language, we have a recipe for much more dynamic language prep resources than a traditional vocab list.

And, thanks to a ready-made flowchart plugin for ChatGPT – courtesy of the charting folks at Whimsical.com – it’s really easy to knock one together.

Vocabulary Flowcharts in Minutes

In your ChatGPT account, you’ll need to locate the Whimsical GPT. Then, it’s just a case of detailing the conversational scenario you want to map out. Here’s an example for ‘opening a bank account in Germany’:

Create a flowchart detailing different conversational choices and paths in German for the scenario “Opening a bank account as a non-resident of Germany planning to work there for six months.” Include pathways for any problems that might occur in the process. Ensure all the text reflects formal, conversational German.

The result should be a fairly detailed ‘probability map’ of conversational turns:

A 'vocabulary flowchart' in German, created by the Whimsical.com GPT on ChatGPT.

A ‘vocabulary flowchart’ in German, created by the Whimsical.com GPT on ChatGPT.

Vocabulary flowcharts are another tool in your AI arsenal for speaking prep. Have you given them a whirl yet? Tell us about your own prep in the comments!

Lots of colourful neon shortcuts on a screen.

Apple Shortcuts for Smart Study Hacks

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I’ve been optimising my iPad for study recently, trying to make it a portable, one-stop shop for reading and prep on-the-move. It’s no doubt another flex of my childhood awe for Inspector Gadget’s niece Penny, and her computer-in-a-book that could do everything.

Anyway, it’s led me to discover lots of features I half knew about, but had ignored for the duration of my Apple fanboydom. And one of the biggest revelations of rediscovery has been the Apple Shortcuts app.

In a nutshell, Shortcuts allows you to bundle all sorts of custom process chains into a single, iconisable action. For example, a shortcut could retrieve something, do something with the result, then present it in a certain way. People use them for all sorts of admin tasks – collecting stock prices and collating them in a spreadsheet with a single click, for instance.

The cool thing is that many third-party apps have extensions that you can link into shortcuts. ChatGPT, for example, which I find invaluable as a quick summary or explanatory tool, can be part of an action chain. And you can trigger chains not just with clicks, but from documents, via the share link.

Shortcuts for Smart Study : Brief Description

Using the app, I put together a quick shortcut I called “Brief Description”. It sends the current PDF (from a browser window, or from the Files app), to ChatGPT, prompting it for a one-paragraph summary.

A screenshot from Apple Shortcuts of a 'Brief Explanation' action using ChatGPT.

A screenshot from Apple Shortcuts of a ‘Brief Explanation’ action using ChatGPT.

As you can see, one of the best things about it is how you assemble a shortcut in more or less natural language, as you select items via an intuitive click-and-build interface. There are also plenty of resources for getting started and pushing the boundaries of it (like this very clued-up YouTube channel!).

The result of my shortcut offers a great way to get a paper summary, whatever the language:

Screenshot of an Apple Shortcuts link in the share menu.

Screenshot of an Apple Shortcuts link in the share menu.

When working through a bunch of resources, it’s great to ascertain in a click or two whether it might be a worthwhile full read, making this a brilliant time-saver. It’s even more powerful when combined with ChatGPT’s new(ish) memory features – my account ‘knows’ what I’ve been working on from recent chats, so is even better able to judge what’s useful.

For sure, I’ll be exploring more of this over the coming weeks, as it’s clear I’ve barely scratched the surface of how useful it could be yet. Have you used Apple Shortcuts to create smart study hacks? Let us know in the comments!

ElevenLabs Reader is the TTS robot you need!

ElevenLabs Reader : Enjoy it while it’s free!

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I’ve raved before about the fantastic text-to-speech facility at ElevenLabs. Voices so realistic they pretty much pass for human, that work across languages, and can even clone your own.

Well, there’s a little-feted app that the ElevenLabs team are behind that is a similar show-stopper in its category. It’s simply called Reader, and is a free text-to-speech narration app for Android and iOS. 

Like the company’s web-based TTS service, it has the same range of emotive, expressive, ultra-realistic voices. It can also cope well narrating many languages, which are autodetected. Best of all for me is that it links with your device’s documents, so I can quickly import the papers I’m reading. Listening AND reading has made a massive difference to my comprehension and recall – multimodal is definitely the way forward for me!

You do get the odd strange artefact in the readout, but the product is still in Beta (likely the reason it’s currently completely free), and glitches are rare. What I’m also missing in it is the ability to tweak imported texts in-app, as you can do with Speechify. This would allow some cleaning of the file pre-narration (I lost count of the number of times I had to skip the page footer DOI link, which it hilariously mis-narrated many times). You can, of course, simply export and clean the files as text before importing, which gets round that.

In any case, they’re worth putting up with while the app is still free and in Beta. Even as it is, you have features here that you’d pay a small fortune for in other apps (ahem, Speechify). Definitely worth a punt if you’re looking for TTS support in your reading! Find download links for Android and iOS here.

The cover of Scottish Gaelic - A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge)

Scottish Gaelic : A Comprehensive Grammar Released This Week!

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It’s a moment Gaelic learners and general language aficionados have been waiting a long time for. Routledge has finally added the language to its Comprehensive Grammar series!

Released this week, the new reference work by Edinburgh University’s Professor William Lamb fills a real gap on the Gaelic bookshelf. Learners looking for a modern guide have had a much narrower choice of much briefer handbooks, such as Michel Byrne’s excellent, but rather slim Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Either that, or explore the  ambitious descriptive grammars of old, like Shaw’s 18th-Century Analysis of the Gaelic Language, which is fascinating, but not particularly contemporary (although you know I love an ancient language manual).

The new Routledge tome weighs in at a hefty 580 pages, and looks to be an exhaustive tour of the contemporary language. It’s also very reasonably priced at around the £30 mark (compare, for example, the price of the Swedish counterpart!). If you’re a student, then you can get an additional 25% off that by buying directly from Routledge via a student discount site like Student Beans.

Suas leis a’ Ghàidhlig!

The exchange of vows at a wedding

A Cultural Exchange After The Vows

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As people fixated on all things language, we often assume that those outside our bubble are oblivious to the joy we get from dabbling, finding out about and having fun with words. But at a cross-cultural wedding this weekend, I was delighted as the topic of language came up, again and again – and people just ran with it.

The ceremony was between a Scottish-English friend and her Latvian partner, with a small group of celebrants on either side. The Latvian party spoke both Latvian and Russian amongst each other, all with very good English (of course!). The Brits were, encouragingly, a multilingual lot too, which is always good to see (our reputation preceding us all too often).

The touch-point was simple curiosity. It was time for the toasts and the meal, and someone piped up how do you say cheers in Latvian? That’ll be priekā! Soon on its heels followed how do you say bon appetit in Latvian? (Labu apetīti!) Before we knew it, we were deep in linguistic exchange. It wasn’t one-way, either; when it transpired that a waitress was a Doric Scots speaker, like one of our party, a whole other language lesson was delivered back to our Latvian friends. Fit, faa, foo…yes, they really are question words in Aberdeenshire!

The loveliest thing was that it didn’t stop at the initial tidbit of info. The newly shared Latvian and Doric phrases kept ringing out throughout the meal, practised by the guests in much the same way as kids show off a new skill. It was an absolute joy to witness – learning about each other through language, and using that knowledge to keep a new dialogue going. When the time to say goodbye arrived, I’d already Google Translated and memorised a snippet to part on, tipsily:

  • Bija jauki iepazīties (it was lovely to meet up)

Making connections like this and seeing them flourish refreshes our faith in humanity. When we explore and celebrate our diversity, we are truly at our best.

A panda catching letters and words from a magical social media stream (bookmarks are handy!)

Bookmarks SOS – Save Our (Language Learning) Stories!

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There’s been a truly creative explosion of language learning accounts on social media in the past couple of years. Every week I notice more and more content creators popping up, eager to share tips and tricks for learners of their language.

I’ve spotted some gems on Instagram lately, for instance. In Greek alone, I’m getting a lot from the regular postings of greeklearninghub, glossonauts, onlinegreek and greekwithdimitris (amongst many others).

But how best to engage with these feeds systematically as learning resources?

The problem is that they’re embedded in feeds that are meant to be fleeting. Watch, scroll, never see again. But when you spot a good one you’d like to spend more time with, there’s a feature that I only noticed recently – a little life-saver under my nose all along, that grabs them from the stream before they float away.

Story bookmarks!

Bookmarks SOS – Save Our Stories

In fact, it’s not just the bookmarks feature of social media apps that helps rescue these learning nuggets. Many platforms also have bookmark folders (TikTok calls them Collections), which means they can be organised by language, topic, or whatever else you like. 

Bookmarks organised into folders on Instagram

Bookmarks organised into folders on Instagram

Once saved, you can set a time to go back over them – ideally scheduling it as a weekly tactic. Write down useful phrases, add them to Anki, or whatever else you find useful in your own learning.

It’s a tiny little hack, and one so obvious – it was under my nose the whole time – that it took me an age to start using it. But it’s a great way to catch those potted lessons before the social media deluge carries them away!

French Coffee Breaks

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If you know me, you’ll know that French was long my ‘also ran’ language – solid but under-used and under-practised. But that’s been changing more and more in recent years, as the language has been unexpectedly useful for a whole range of reasons. So this week, here’s a wee heads-up from me about a book I’ve been finding super useful for brushing up my French: 50 French Coffee Breaks.

I’ve been aware of the Coffee Breaks Languages brand for a while, thanks to their series of podcasts. They’re not actually a resource I’d used much in the past, as I had the impression the level was a bit basic. Wrong false impressions – I was pepped up by their Swedish ‘holiday soap opera’ lately, which was far from beginners-only, and really helped prepare for a trip to Malmö.

Anyway, roll on to now, and me, searching for something to improve my French. I’m a repeat false beginner – I did French at school, but ditched it for German and Spanish early on. Since then, though, it’s become incredibly useful (and attractive) as the language of a wonderful country that is very close to my own, and so very easy to visit! Cue lots of ‘improve my French’ blitz sessions over the years.

The cover of the book 50 French Coffee Breaks
50 French Coffee Breaks

French Coffee Breaks

For that French blitz, there are a couple of good, systematic improve-your-French books about, including the excellent Teach Yourself French Tutor, which I’ve used for grammar training. And it’s Teach Yourself that are behind the 50 Coffee Break books too, so there’s heritage and form backing the format.

The approach couldn’t be better for a busy linguist fitting in an extra maintenance language amidst everything else. The chapters offer 5, 10 and 15-minute practice sessions, across a range of useful (very travel-friendly) topics. In fact, they generally took me less time, depending on the level, but in every case they either strengthened something I’d half-forgotten, or taught me something new.

It’s definitely the kind of book you’ll want to write on and deface with a pen – anathema I know (books are my temple too!) but I made an exception with this one. There’s something very satisfying about filling it with scribble, and the pocket paperback format is perfect for it (I’d never sully my Teach Yourself Tutor books this way, mind!).

Overall, a fab purchase that has confirmed how useful the Coffee Break Languages materials are after all. I was thrilled to see that a Swedish version was released only last year too, something that had escaped my attention. Needless to say, I’ve got that one on my shelf now too…

Shelves of helpful robots - a bit like Poe, really!

Which LLM? Poe offers them all (and some!)

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One of the most frequent questions when I’ve given AI training to language professionals is “which is your favourite platform?”. It’s a tricky one to answer, not least because we’re currently in the middle of the AI Wars – new, competing models are coming out all the time, and my personal choice of LLM changes with each new release.

That said, I’m a late and recent convert to Poe – an app that gives you them all in one place. The real clincher is the inclusion of brand new models, before they’re widely available elsewhere.

To illustrate just how handy it is, just a couple of weeks ago, Meta dropped Llama 3.1 – the first of their models to really challenge the frontrunners. However, unless you have a computer powerful enough to run it locally, or access to Meta AI (US-only right now), you’ll be waiting a while to try it.

Enter Poe. Within a couple of days, all flavours of Llama 3.1 were available. And the best thing? You can interact with most of them for nothing.

The Poe Currency

Poe works on a currency of Compute Points, which are used to pay for messages to the model. More powerful models guzzle through compute points at a higher rate, and models tend to become cheaper as they get older. Meta’s Llama-3.1-405B-T, for example, costs 335 points per message, while OpenAI’s ChatGPT-4o-Mini comes in at a bargain 15 points for each request.

Users of Poe’s free tier get a pretty generous 3000 Compute Points every day. That’s enough credit to work quite extensively on some of the older models without much limitation at all. But it’s also enough to get some really useful (8-ish-requests daily) use from Llama 3.1. And, thanks to that, I can tell you – Llama 3.1 is great at creating language learning resources!

Saying that, with the right prompt, most of the higher-end models are, these days. Claude-3.5-Sonnet is another favourite – check out my interactive worksheet experiments with it here. And yes, Claude-3.5-Sonnet is available on Poe, at a cost of 200 points per message (and that’s already dropped from its initial cost some weeks back!). Even the image generation model Flux has made its way onto the platform, just days after the hype. And it’s a lot better with text-in-image (handy if you’re creating illustrated language materials).

Poe pulls together all sorts of cloud providers in a marketplace-style setup to offer the latest bots, and it’s a model that works. The latest and greatest will always burn through your stash of Computer Points faster, but there’s still no easier way to be amongst the first to try a new LLM!

Edinburgh Castle, looking down on the Edinburgh Fringe fun!

Edinburgh Fringe for Language Learners : 2024 Edition

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The Edinburgh Fringe Festival – that month when entertainment engulfs the Scottish capital – is round the corner.

And I can’t let a year go by without my regular audit of shows for linguists. As ever, there’s a raft of exciting shows both in our target languages and in English, connected to our target language countries. These are artists travelling from all over the world that can’t wait for our enthusiastic support.

Buckle up – it’s another good one for language learners.

French

  • F*** Me I’m French! by Paul Taylor (The Stand Comedy Club) : A bit of a cult icon, is Paul Taylor. You might have seen him on YouTube, and enjoyed his unique brand of franglais comedy. Laughs guaranteed.
  • No Regrets (Pleasance at EICC) : Where would an #EdFringe be without a Piaf show? This year it’s singer Christine Bovill who keeps the flag flying.
  • Yazmina Reza’s Art (C Arts) : For French drama in English translation, look no further than Clarendon Productions’ reimagining of this deeply explorative piece.
  • More Than Nude (C Arts) : This bilingual French-English production by the Group Performatif Famapoil deconstructs beauty standards in another C Arts presentation – long a familiar, trusty name in our non-anglophone show lists!

German

Spanish

  • Don Quixote Rides Again (Scottish Storytelling Centre) : The venue couldn’t be more apt for this retelling of the classic adventures, with Spanish guitar and flamenco.
  • Flamenco Fiesta (Alba Flamenca) : With flamenco as much of a stalwart at Edinburgh Fringe festivals as Piaf and Brecht, this represents this year! It’s a bit of a theme, as…
  • Flamenco Guitar Odyssey (Alba Flamenca) : …fans of Spanish guitar will delight at this solo show, whose artist has garnered fabulous reviews.
  • Flamenco Jazz Sketches (Alba Flamenca) : Another offering at Edinburgh’s Alba Flamenca, this fusion presentation features two equally fêted artists.
  • Flamencodanza (C Arts) : Showstopping dance from this internationally proven dance duo. And great to see C Arts leading the way with overseas productions again!
  • Found Our Funny – Barcelona Comedy Tapas and Barce-laughter (Greenside) : Two revues of Barcelona’s burgeoning comedy scene.

The Best of the Rest!

  • Who Owns Languages? (The Stand Comedy Club) : A thoughtful exploration of languages by Edinburgh University’s own Dr Thomas Bak.
  • The Secret Life of the Scots Language (St Columba’s by the Castle) : Dr Clive Young introduces a language finally moving towards official recognition.
  • 100% C*ntinental (Laughing Horse) : Hot takes on European life galore in this stand-up revue show, which promises to be a fun one.
  • Hygge (Just the Tonic at the Caves) : Humorous Scandi takes by a group of Norwegian comedians. Maybe together, we’ll pin down this mysterious hygge…

So there you go – a wee selection of affordable (sometimes free!) shows covering all manner of languages. They take in the whole track of the emotional rollercoaster, too, from high drama to belly laughs. It must be said, when it comes to international artists, the Edinburgh Fringe never disappoints.

I’ve focused on the big ‘mainstream’ languages for the most part here, but this little lot should whet the appetite. Do comment if I’ve missed any goodies, though!

And above all: have a great laugh.

AI Parallel Texts for Learning Two Similar Languages

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I’ve seen a fair few social media posts recently about linguist Michael Petrunin’s series of Comparative Grammars for polyglots. They seem to have gone down a storm, not least because of the popularity of triangulation as a polyglot strategy.

They’re a great addition to the language learning bookshelf, since there’s still so little formal course material that uses this principle. Of course, you can triangulate by selecting course books in your base language, as many do with Assimil and other series like the Éditions Ellipse.

Parallel Texts à la LLM

But LLMs like ChatGPT, which already do a great job of the parallel text learning style, are pretty handy for creative comparative texts, too. Taking a story format, here’s a sample parallel text prompt for learners of German and Dutch. It treats each sentence as a mini lesson in highlighting differences between the languages.

I’m learning Dutch and German, two closely related languages. To help me learn them in parallel and distinguish them from each other, create a short story for me in Dutch, German and English in parallel text style. Each sentence should be given in Dutch, German and English. Purposefully use grammatical elements which highlight the differences between the languages, which a student of both does need to work hard to distinguish, in order to make the text more effective.

The language level should be lower intermediate, or B1 on the CEFR scale. Make the story engaging, with an interesting twist. Format the text so it is easy to read, grouping the story lines together with each separate sentence on a new line, and the English in italics.

You can tweak the formatting, as well as the premise – specify that the learner already speaks one of the languages more proficiently than the other, for example. You could also offer a scenario for the story to start with, so you don’t end up with “once upon a time” every run. But the result is quite a compact, step-by-step learning resource that builds on a comparative approach.

ChatGPT creating parallel texts in German and Dutch with an English translation.

ChatGPT creating parallel texts in German and Dutch with an English translation.

Variations and Limitations

I also tried prompting for explanatory notes:

Where the languages differ significantly in grammar / syntax, add an explanatory note (in English) to the sentences, giving details.

This was very hit and miss, with quite unhelpful notes in most runs. In fact, this exposes the biggest current limitation of LLMs: they’re excellent content creators, but still far off the mark in terms of logically appraising the language they create.

It is, however, pretty good at embellishing the format of its output. The following variation is especially impressive in an LLM platform that shows a preview of its code:

I’m learning Spanish and Portuguese, two closely related languages. To help me learn them in parallel and distinguish them from each other, create a short story for me in Spanish, Portuguese and English in parallel text style. Each sentence should be given in Spanish, Portuguese and English. Purposefully use grammatical elements which highlight the differences between the languages, which a student of both does need to work hard to distinguish, in order to make the text more effective.

The language level should be lower intermediate, or B1 on the CEFR scale. Make the story engaging, with an interesting twist.

The output should be an attractively formatted HTML page, using a professional layout. Format the sentences so they are easy to read, grouping the story lines together with each separate sentence on a new line, and the English in italics. Hide the English sentences first – include a “toggle translation” button for the user.

Claude by Anthropic creating an HTML-formatted parallel story in Spanish and Portuguese.

Claude by Anthropic creating an HTML-formatted parallel story in Spanish and Portuguese.

It’s another use case that highlights LLMs’ greatest strength: the creation of humanlike texts. For linguists, it matters not a jot how much (or little) deep understanding there is beneath that. With the language quality now almost indistinguishable from real people-speak, AI texts serve as brilliant ‘fake authentic’ language models.

e-Stories as parallel texts are yet another fun, useful flavour of that!